# NanoCuvette™ One

## Do you have issues measuring proteins? With NanoCuvette™ One you can now measure protein concentrations down to 0.5 µL on your UV-VIS spectrophotometer.

Protein concentration determination is fast and easy with the novel NanoCuvette™ One. All that is needed is 0.5 µL of sample and an UV-VIS spectrophotometer.
Proteins are macromolecules consisting of one or more strands of amino acids. The human genome specifies 20 different amino acids. The sequence of these is the main differentiating factor of proteins and affects their folding into specific three-dimensional structures. Proteins perform a vast variety of vital functions in organisms, including catalysis, transportation and signal transmittance. Additionally, many proteins are produced industrially for a variety of applications, including medication.
A selection of bioassays is available for determining the concentration of purified protein. However, these bioassays require the experimenter to make a standard curve, which, if using the same protein, can be very expensive, and if using a different protein, may induce large systematic errors.
Alternatively, some proteins can be quantified by absorption spectroscopy. A few amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine) are aromatic and absorb UV light at 280 nm. Depending on the amount of aromatic amino acids a protein is comprised of, it will absorb more or less light at 280 nm, i.e. have a higher or lower extinction coefficient. The extinction coefficient can be calculated theoretically, but this may give values up to 10 % off. Alternatively it can be determined experimentally. This requires making a standard curve for the specific protein on the specific spectrophotometer.

#### Absorption spectroscopy

The Beer–Lambert law relates the attenuation of light to the properties of the material through which the light is travelling:

where A is the absorbance, ε is molar extinction coefficient, c is the concentration, l is the path length and A0 is the background absorbance.

#### Label-free spectroscopy

When light hits a photonic crystal, the resonance wavelength is related to the refractive index or concentration close to the surface by Hands law:
where λ is the resonance wavelength, β is a coefficient, α is the specific refractive increment, n is the sample refractive index, c is the concentration, ns is the solvent refractive index and λ0 is the reference resonance wavelength.

### Introducing label-free protein measurements

Whereas extinction coefficients of proteins vary greatly, it has been shown that proteins have very similar values of refractive index increment α, i.e. the protein refractive index dependence on protein concentration. Thus the measure of protein refractive index is a quick and easy manner of obtaining the protein concentration without the need of making a standard curve. As a further advantage, this method also allows for direct quantification of your protein without prior dilution.

Standard protein refractive index increment values

Human 0.1899
General protein 0.1900
Membrane proteins 0.1902
E. coli 0.1902
Zebrafish 0.1904
Yeast 0.1907
C. elegans 0.1911
Crystallins 0.1930

All that is needed is our NanoCuvette™ One, 0.5 µL sample and an UV-VIS spectrophotometer for instance Shimadzu, PerkinElmer, Thermo Ficher, Mettler Toledo, VWR or similar.

### Conclusion

Traditionally a specialized refractometer has been required for determination of the refractive index. However, with the innovative NanoCuvette™ One, an optical filter is installed in a cuvette, allowing determination of the refractive index to be carried out in a standard spectrophotometer. This way even proteins with few or no aromatic residues can be measured with a conventional spectrophotometer down to 0.5 µL of sample.